Crypto holders had a rough ride in 2022.
At the start of the year, the collective market cap of cryptocurrencies worldwide stood at $2.2 trillion. As the year ends, that figures stands at just below $800 billion.
The industry's euphoric highs of last year descended into a bear market of epic proportions, leaving many of the industry's major players in collapse. Or worse.
The plunge in crypto prices started with central banks cutting the cord on easy money policies, which dragged down risky assets first, and the problems multiplied from there — accounts were frozen, bankruptcies declared, frauds uncovered.
As Yahoo Finance's Jared Blikre pointed out, whether in spite of crypto’s epic swoon or because of it, Yahoo Finance's bitcoin (BTC-USD) quote page took the eighth spot on this year's top trending ticker page behind major stock indices like the S&P 500, Dow, and Nasdaq, and three megacap stocks: Tesla, Apple, and Amazon.
In 2021, cryptocurrencies powering Layer-1 tokens such as ethereum (ETH-USD), Avalanche (AVAX-USD), Solana (SOL-USD), Polygon (MATIC-USD), and Cosmos (ATOM-USD) stole the show.
This year that battle for outlandish returns whittled down to a competition for least bad losses. And the results are more of a grab bag of cryptocurrencies rather than reflecting a clear theme on the industry's progress.
Ethereum (-68% YTD)
After outperforming bitcoin by 355% last year, ether (ETH-USD) came in as the 10th-best performing cryptocurrency in 2022, falling just less than 70% this year.
Despite its performance, the second-largest cryptocurrency pulled off the Merge upgrade in mid-September, transitioning to proof-of-stake from proof-of-work, which proved to be one of the industry's few success stories in 2022.
The technological feat has also freed Ethereum core developers to dive into other initiatives meant to improve the protocol's transaction scaling, privacy, and use as a financial layer.
Part decentralized banking layer and part tech platform, Ethereum still doesn’t offer the crucial feature of allowing investors to withdraw their staked deposits. As Galaxy Digital research associate Christine Kim has noted, Ethereum's core developer team has said the protocol's Shanghai upgrade, which will include staked ETH withdrawals, could be activated as early as March 2023.
The Merge made the Ethereum blockchain 99.95% more energy efficient and was a deflationary force on ether supply.
Bitcoin (-65% YTD)
The world's biggest cryptocurrency fared better than some smaller counterparts, but was not immune from 2022's market washout.
Bitcoin is down 76% from its November 2021 peak at $68,789 and currently trades near $16,500.
Since speaking with Yahoo Finance in April, when bitcoin traded at $41,000, Alex Thorn, head of research with Galaxy Digital, said he doesn't think the market has changed its view on bitcoin (BTC-USD), which it sees as both "an option on a future where the cryptocurrency is treated like digital gold" and a "protest of the lack of credibility of central banking."
Between its November 2021 peak and December 12, bitcoin investors have given back $213 billion in realized losses according to data collected by crypto analytics platform, Glassnode.
"In terms of an outlook for next year, it's really hard to be bullish on bitcoin and crypto in general given the tenuousness of macro and monetary conditions," Thorn added.
Dogecoin (-60% YTD)
Widely held by retail investors, the original "meme" coin followed most of the crypto market in a massive sell-off starting in the second quarter.
Still, Dogecoin fared better than many tokens in 2022.
However, unlike most major cryptocurrencies, Dogecoin (DOGE-USD) had already sold off from 64% from its May 2021 peak — reached when Elon Musk appeared on Saturday Night Live — to the end of 2021.
“People know that it's a joke. They like the joke,” Thorn told Yahoo Finance.
Thorn’s team published a paper on DOGE at its 2021 peak, noting "a general lack of development effort," and "no serious long-term narrative or use case."
Still, Thorn's team found Dogecoin “had a fair launch,” meaning it didn’t include a presale or venture capital fundraise, which can be red flags when insiders carry large stakes that put outside buyers at a disadvantage.
The cryptocurrency has outperformed most others through the fourth quarter, due in large part to Elon Musk’s deal to buy Twitter, with users speculating this purchase could have some benefits for Doge holders.
Ethereum Classic (-54% YTD)
Coming in with a 53% loss, Ethereum Classic (ETC-USD) also benefited from speculation leading up to the Merge.
While its use and developer community is a fraction of the size of Ethereum’s, Thomas Dunleavy, a senior market researcher for Messari, pointed out the small-cap token has routinely seen value appreciation ahead of Ethereum-related software upgrades.
As Ethereum’s Merge was reaching completion, skeptical investors viewed Ethereum Classic and other offshoots of the second largest cryptocurrency as a hedge or insurance policy in case the upgrade failed.
BNB (-53% YTD) and OKB (-17% YTD)
Exchange-associated tokens such as OKB (OKB-USD) and BNB (BNB-USD) both performed better than most cryptocurrencies this year.
BNB is the token associated with Binance, while OKB is the token for the OKX ecosystem.
However, as recent developments through the FTX crisis and the corresponding collapse in its exchange token FTT have shown, the value of these tokens can change quickly based on the management of their corresponding crypto exchange.
Exchange tokens can give holders specific benefits like lower trading fees and the ability to vote on exchange decisions. Exchange tokens are also almost always linked to a crypto exchange’s success as a business, serving in part like corporate equity.
Monero (-42% YTD)
As in past years, the tension between transparency and privacy for cryptocurrency transactions returned as an undercurrent through 2022.
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Monero (XMR-USD) gives users less censorable transaction privacy by default without requiring the use of crypto mixing services.
Monero’s more modest sell-off this year suggests its feature as a privacy coin offered users more utility than the majority of cryptocurrencies in the market.
Tron (-28% YTD)
TRX (TRX-USD), the native cryptocurrency of the Tron blockchain, came out ahead of most other cryptocurrencies, losing less than a third of its value this year.
The token’s value, according to Messari's Thomas Dunleavy, has mainly benefited from the Tron ecosystem’s growing amount of stablecoin volume. TRX's supply burn is based on its level of transaction volume.
As 2021 superstar LUNA imploded alongside its associated stablecoin TerraUSD (UST) in May, the Tron ecosystem launched its own decentralized stablecoin (USDD-USD). The Tron ecosystem’s network activity jumped 47% in the second quarter according to Messari.
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