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Founded in 1993 by brothers Tom and David Gardner, The Motley Fool helps millions of people attain financial freedom through our website, podcasts, books, newspaper column, radio show, and premium investing services.
Just about everyone has heard of cryptocurrency by now, but most people still don't really understand what it is. More than just a form of digital cash, cryptocurrency and the technology underlying it have the potential to transform the financial sector and many other industries as well. Therefore, it's worth taking your time to learn a bit about cryptocurrency.
Cryptocurrency is a digital currency that doesn't rely on central banks or trusted third parties to verify transactions and create new currency units. Instead, it uses cryptography to confirm transactions on a publicly distributed ledger called a blockchain.
That definition might seem downright cryptic right now. But, by the end of this overview, you won't need a decryption key to understand crypto.
There are thousands of different cryptocurrencies in circulation, each with varying values. The first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin (CRYPTO:BTC), was developed in 2009 by a programmer using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.
In a 2008 white paper entitled, "A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System," Nakamoto provides the first description of blockchain. Blockchain is the technology that enables cryptocurrency to work like government-issued (fiat) currencies without the involvement of any central bank or trusted third party.
Specifically, blockchain solves the "double-spending problem" associated with digital cash. Since digital information is easily copied, digital money requires a mechanism that reliably prevents a currency unit from being "duplicated" or otherwise spent more than once.
The global financial system, as a collective entity, has historically been responsible for establishing and ensuring the legitimacy of monetary transactions.
The validity of cryptocurrency is established and maintained without any involvement by the world's central banks. Instead, ledgers of cryptocurrency transactions are publicly maintained. Transactions verified by blockchain technology are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed. That prevents hackers from producing fraudulent transaction records and establishes trust among users.
There are thousands of cryptocurrencies available, and thousands more that are now defunct. According to CoinMarketCap, there were 13,669 cryptocurrencies as of late 2021. New tokens are constantly coming to market.
The reason there are so many cryptocurrencies is because it's extremely easy to create one. Ethereum's (CRYPTO:ETH) blockchain allows users to write bits of code to the blockchain, essentially letting anyone launch a new token that uses the Ethereum network. So instead of having to build the whole thing from scratch, developers can just use the pre-existing infrastructure.
To make a cryptocurrency transaction, you need a wallet for that digital currency. A cryptocurrency wallet doesn't actually hold any currency; it merely provides an address for your funds on the blockchain. A cryptocurrency wallet also includes private and public keys that enable you to complete secure transactions.
You can buy or sell cryptocurrency using a cryptocurrency exchange. Exchanges, which can hold deposits in both fiat and cryptocurrencies, credit and debit the appropriate balances of buyers and sellers in order to complete cryptocurrency transactions. You can also use cryptocurrency to buy something such as a product or service.
Every time you buy cryptocurrency or use it to complete a purchase, you authorize the movement of a specified amount of the cryptocurrency from your wallet address to the wallet address of the seller. The cryptocurrency transaction is encrypted with your private key and pushed to the blockchain.
The cryptocurrency network's miners access your public key to confirm that your private key was used to encrypt the transaction. Once the block that includes your transaction is confirmed, the ledger is updated to show the new cryptocurrency balances for both your address and the seller's address. This entire process is conducted by software.
A block is a collection of transaction data on a cryptocurrency network. It basically states that Person A sent this amount of the cryptocurrency to Person B, Person X received this much cryptocurrency from Person Y, and so on.
A block includes a reference to the block that immediately precedes it. The blocks create a chain, linking one to another through references to prior blocks. To change a block in the ledger, a hacker would have to reproduce the entire chain of blocks following it since not doing so would create a chain of invalid references that would not be accepted by the cryptocurrency network.
Blocks include additional information that further enables the cryptocurrency network to verify the validity of the block. The proof-of-work method of establishing distributed consensus relies on cryptocurrency miners using high computing power to add blocks to the blockchain. The computing power solves complex puzzles such as math problems for which solutions are easily verified as being correct. The miners are typically rewarded with cryptocurrency and transaction fees.
New blocks cannot be added to the blockchain without a miner computing a valid solution to the block's puzzle. With every transaction, the blockchain grows longer and the amount of computing power required to add a new block increases. The blockchain, by design, becomes increasingly tamper-proof; a hacker today would need computing power equivalent to the majority of the computing power on the cryptocurrency network to successfully alter transactions.
Another method of establishing distributed consensus to add to a blockchain is known as proof of stake. Instead of requiring vast amounts of computing power, the proof-of-stake method enables the cryptocurrency holders with the most wealth or the oldest stakes to create blocks by verifying transactions.
Stakeholders are selected semi-randomly. Additional mechanisms are in place to prevent the wealthiest individuals from creating fake transactions or otherwise exerting too much power over the blockchain.
These are the five largest cryptocurrencies:
Data source: CoinMarketCap.com, as of Nov. 4, 2021.
The list of the most valuable cryptocurrencies is always changing, just like the list of the most valuable publicly traded companies. But since cryptocurrencies tend to be more volatile than blue-chip stocks, how cryptocurrencies rank in value can change quickly. There are a few consistencies at the top of the list, though.
Bitcoin is by far the most valuable cryptocurrency. As the original cryptocurrency, it has the strongest adoption rate and a large network of miners. Those factors ensure it remains at the top of this list.
Ethereum's Ether is the second-largest cryptocurrency and consistently so. Ethereum serves as a platform for other cryptocurrencies besides Ether, and offering decentralized applications to other token creators ensures that Ether consistently retains greater value than those other tokens. Most cryptocurrencies rely on the decentralized applications provided by Ethereum.
Bitcoin and Ether stand out among all the others. Buying Bitcoin is an obvious choice for anyone interested in cryptocurrency. It's widely supported, and a well-established ecosystem of software is available to facilitate transactions.
Ether is attractive because of the value of the Ethereum blockchain in establishing new tokens, DeFi services, NFTs, and other blockchain applications.
Using cryptocurrency has several big advantages over traditional finance. They are:
There are also some disadvantages to holding cryptocurrency. They include:
These technologies serve as the gateway between the digital blockchain and human society.
This guide will explain everything you need to know about taxes on crypto trading and income.
Read our expert Q&A about what you should know before investing in crypto.
We don't know for certain, but we have a line on eight possibilities.
Mining cryptocurrency is the process of using your computing power to verify transactions on the blockchain. When you verify a block, you receive a reward and collect some fees from the transacting parties.
In order to get started mining cryptocurrency, you'll need to have a computer you can dedicate to the process. You'll need a computer with energy-efficient processors in order to make sure you don't spend more on electricity than you earn from mining.
There are really only two viable processor options to mine most cryptocurrencies: GPUs or ASICs. A GPU is a graphics processing unit typically found in gaming PCs or high-end PCs used for graphics rendering. ASIC stands for application-specific integrated circuit. It's a chip designed specifically for one task — mining a certain cryptocurrency.
The advantage of ASICs is that they're far more efficient. The disadvantage is that they're much less flexible at what you can mine using them, and they're more expensive than GPUs.
Once you have the hardware, it's just a matter of setting up a cryptocurrency wallet and some mining software. Be sure to store your mining computer in a cool and well-ventilated part of your house since it will generate a lot of heat. And make sure you keep it connected to the internet in order to mine all day.
Once everything is set up, it's a pretty hands-off process. However, you need to keep an eye on the cryptocurrencies you mine. A sharp drop in price could make the operation unprofitable.
Cryptocurrencies are not simply "good" or "bad" as investments. Cryptocurrencies may fit well in a diversified portfolio of assets, but putting most or all of your money in an asset class as volatile as cryptocurrency is unlikely to serve your portfolio well.
The newness of cryptocurrencies makes their risks not easily understood, which translates into a poor understanding of how cryptocurrency values correlate with the values of other assets. Not enough historical data exists to confidently predict how the prices of cryptocurrencies fluctuate when the prices of other assets change. This lack of visibility creates an obstacle to establishing a balanced portfolio that maximizes returns without exceeding your desired level of risk.
Lack of historical data notwithstanding, many investors — including institutional investors, banks, and company CEOs — assert that cryptocurrency should be part of everyone's portfolio. Understanding what cryptocurrency is, how it works, and what value it can provide over fiat currency is an important first step before investing money in cryptocurrency.
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