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"Metaverse" is understood as a virtual, augmented reality that aims to replicate the "real world" on the one hand and augment it on the other. The Metaverse is not only intended to be a workplace and social network, but also a place where people can spend their free time and pursue any activities. Currently, there is also a real hype about the acquisition of digital properties in the Metaverse, which can serve as a digital marketplace and new space for advertising.
The Metaverse hype is accompanied by the boom of cryptocurrencies used for transaction purposes in the Metaverse. Bitcoin and Ethereum stand out as those with the largest market capitalization. In addition to cryptocurrencies, NFTs, i.e. non-fungible tokens, also play a major role, especially since properties are acquired in the Metaverse as such with those.
For a basic understanding of NFTs, our former blog article offers deep sights
The idea and anticipated rise of the Metaverse enables further use cases within the blockchain technology. Areas that are now already relatively well-known involve platforms such as Decentraland. Decentraland is a decentralized 3D virtual reality platform consisting of a variety of virtual "building land". Such virtual land in Decentraland is generally based on NFTs, which can be purchased using the cryptocurrency "MANA". In simple terms, Decentraland is thus a platform for trading virtual land and real estate in the Metaverse. Other well-known platforms with partly different applications are The Sandbox and Axie Infinity. Only recently, the Metaverse project "Otherside" of the Bored Ape Yacht Club (Yuga Labs) was also launched on 1 May 2022. The consequence of the launch? Yuga Labs hosted one of the most extensive NFT drops to date by selling ownership of digitized land parcels ("Otherdeeds"). However, the immense interest and rush led to the entire Ethereum network being overloaded due to a so-called "gas war". Gas fees can be understood as transaction fees that are paid to compensate miners for their computing power. In this specific case, interested parties tried to outbid each other with the transaction fees.
Virtual real estate as such can be acquired in the form of an NFT using an NFT smart contract. Smart contracts follow the "If > Then > Else" rule and corresponding attributes via the Ethereum blockchain (on-chain NFT). Once the payment is settled, the NFT is transferred to the acquirer via an appropriate platform. However, the first legal issues may already arise during this step.
While many acquirers believe they have acquired a "title" to an NFT, or qualify the NFT itself as evidence of ownership, the NFT is more likely to be understood as an invoice in the context of a transaction. Buyer and seller interact with each other and the NFT establishes the corresponding invoice. On the programming side, this "invoice" can also link to "something" outside the blockchain (off-chain), such as a cloud or a centralized hardware server, or even within the Ethereum blockchain. This "something" is usually a simple image (.jpeg). However, the NFT (the invoice) also says nothing about the transaction itself. To be able to assess this, one would rather have to check the respective terms and conditions of the NFT smart contract.
Further legal problems can arise at the level of property law. For example, no attributes can be attributed to an NFT itself. The factual acquisition is the content agreed between the original parties. Accordingly, the value of the NFT basically follows the content of the contract. One problem, however, is that there is no contract between the initial primary purchaser and the subsequent secondary purchasers (as well as all subsequent acquisitions). Furthermore, there is also no contractual relationship between secondary purchasers and the original issuer of the NFT.
However, there are now platforms that issue NFTs and the corresponding contracts provide for certain framework conditions, such as that these NFTs can or should also only be used on this one platform. If such an NFT is now distributed on or via another platform, there is a risk that the terms and conditions will not be transferred. The question immediately arises as to how much the NFT is worth (outside the contractually intended platform) and which (contractual content) is transferred or acquired with an NFT.
Now, it may be that a platform issues NFTs with certain benefits (perks), such as access to a certain communication platform with like-minded people. However, the platform owners could subsequently "change their minds" and withdraw access for various reasons. Questionable in this context is whether the terms and conditions of each issued NFT will be transferred to the next acquirers. If the applicability of these terms and conditions fails, for example because the platform owners are not in a contractual relationship with all downstream purchasers, then there is a risk that the purchaser has no legal possibility to enforce its "rights" against the platform owners.
In addition to consumer protection law issues, the question also arises in the context of the NFT acquisition, which is not accompanied by any terms and conditions, as to what is acquired with the NFT. There is therefore a risk that nothing is acquired with the NFT. This is because an NFT can be compared to a hyperlink, whereby the underlying content may well change over time or become non-transparent after a certain number of transactions. Since the land acquisition in the Metaverse is carried out via NFTs, such a risk is also present in this case.
For the most part, however, land acquisition in the Metaverse is qualified as relatively safe due to the traceability of "ownership" in the Ethereum blockchain, because a "land registry suitability" of the on-chain entries is assumed. It is expected that in the future the possibilities to acquire parts of NFTs (fractionalized NFTs) will increase, which could bring new developments and further legal issues in the field of real estate investment.
In general, it is also true that the Metaverse is not a legal vacuum. All applicable provisions on contract law in general and real estate law also apply in the Metaverse. Before buying a virtual property, however it is advisable to check the terms and conditions of the respective platform.
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